Compare and contrast of the three women Essay

Virgin Mary Mary is an important figure in catholic faith, Mother of Jesus Christ in physical body, she is also the spiritual Mother of the Church, the Bishops of the Second Vatican Council gave this title to her. We know little biographical information about Mary, our greatest source would be the books of Matthew, Mark, John and Luke. From these spiritual accounts – and knowledge of the everyday circumstances she would have faced – comes a picture of the Mary the shepherds would have found in Bethlehem: a woman who was young, devout, offended by injustice, devoted to her child, and, many believe, sorrowful in the knowledge of what his fate would be. Mary was bethroed to Joseph when the angel Gabriel appears to her and says she is to bear the son of God, she asks, â€Å"How can this be, since I am a virgin?† She is told that nothing is impossible with God. Mary’s consent and willingness to endure social injustice for God is an holy act in itself, as women suspected of adultery were often stoned to death. Throughout her life she seen as very holy and is believed to be the Immaculate Conception i.e. born without any sin. Although Mary herself is holy as well as all her acts, the most courageous act she did was watching her son die on the cross. Mary endured the pain because she was a good piteous woman devoted to God, she knew Jesus’ death was inevitable. Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale was born in May 12th 1820. She was an aristocrat born to wealthy British parents. At 16 Florence thought she heard the voice of God telling her that she had a special mission in life. Florence suspected it had something to do with nursing because as a young child she had always enjoyed caring for the sick. Traditionally she was meant to behave like a ‘upper class lady’, but Florence was reculant to do so, having found her passions elsewhere. She turned down suitors and social parties to instead take up studying health and medicine. As she was a woman of the upper class, this behaviour was not expected. A cultured lady of that day did not enter in hospital work and her family’s opposition finally prevented her from  working in a hospital. She overcame this obstacle by studying at a protestant school for nursing. Later she became the superintendent of a hospital in London. At the Crimean War, Florence was asked to take charge of nursing. There she revolutionized hospital care. She cleaned up the hospital, set schedules, ordered supplies, and once the hospital was running smoothly- taught the soldiers how to read and write. When she returned to England she fell sick from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Ministers, heads of government, authors, politicians and reformers came to her for her advice. She received many public honors and was the first woman to be awarded the British Order of Merit. Florence almost single-handedly invented modern nursing, as we know it today, and created a new image of female nurses as a professional class. Irena Sendler Irena Sendler was born in 1910 in Otwock, a town some 15 miles southeast of Warsaw. She was greatly influenced by her father who was one of the first Polish Socialists. During WW11 Irene defied the Nazi’s and in a show of remarkable bravery, rescued 2,500 Jewish children by smuggling them out of the Warsaw Ghetto. She was rescuing these children from most certain death, as very few came out of the Warsaw Ghetto alive. Irene worked in the Warsaw Social Welfare Department and as a result was able to go about freely without suspicion. When Irene saw the prejudice and terrible conditions that were being forced upon the Jews she was appalled and decided to join the Polish underground resistance movement Aid to the Jews. Irena Sendler accomplished her incredible deeds with the active assistance of the church. â€Å"I sent most of the children to religious establishments,† she recalled. â€Å"I knew I could count on the Sisters.† The children were given false identities and placed in homes, orphanages and convents. Irena Sendler carefully noted, in coded form, the children’s original names and their new identities. But the Nazis became aware of Irena’s activities, and on October 20, 1943 she was arrested, imprisoned and tortured by the Gestapo, who broke her feet and legs. Though she was the only one who knew the names and addresses of the families sheltering the  Jewish children, she withstood the torture, refusing to betray either her associates or any of the Jewish children in hiding. She escaped from prison but for the rest of the war the Gestapo pursued her. After the war she dug up the jars and used the notes to track down the 2,500 children she placed with adoptive families and to reunite them with relatives scattered across Europe. This lovely, courageous woman was one of the most dedicated and active workers in aiding Jews during the Nazi occupation of Poland. Her courage enabled not only the survival of 2,500 Jewish children but also of the generations of their descendants. Her courage, strength and the goodness of her spirit is honored forever by those lives she saved. Compare and Contrast Mary, Irena Sendler, and Florence Nightingale all have something in common. Each and every one overcame social injustice, discrimination and prejudice in the name of all things good. Virgin Mary knew she would be shunned, as her baby was conceived before marriage, back then adultery was punishable by stoning to death, yet she agreed to do god’s work out of love for the Lord. Irena Sendler risked her life for the 2,500 children she saved, her deeds could have gotten her killed yet her faith and morality was more important to her, and Florence Nightingale overcame the social ethics and restrictions of her time to do what she believed to be God’s work. Another similarity is the fact that all three women saved lives in their own respective way. Unlike Florence and Irena, Mary did her deeds indirectly and in a more spiritual sense, she gave birth to Jesus who is spiritually viewed as the savior of mankind, he gave people salvation, faith and hope. Also, today many people see Mary as a role model and through her seek inspiration that leads many people to give up sin and live a good and holy life. This contrasts to the work of Florence Nightingale and Irena Sendler, these two woman saved people in the physical sense, through knowledge, nursing, and trying to prevent genocide. These woman strike inspiration and strength in all that read their story. Though they come from different eras and have different life stories to tell, all three are fine examples of the strength, faith and capabilities of a woman. Bibliography Internet http://net2.netacc.net/~mafg/mary03.htm http://www.auschwitz.dk/Sendler.htm http://www.catholic.org/saints/saints/lucy.html http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/stl01001.htm http://www.dnai.com/~borneo/nightingale/tl1.htm http://www.geocities.com/squillin_us/Mother%20Mary.htm http://www.holocaustforgotten.com/sendler.htm Books Book of Saints Mark Straton 1991 J.M Dent Pty. Dictionary of World Biography. Barry Jones 1998 The Age Encyclopedia of World Biography McGraw Hill 1973 McGraw Hill Inc. Florence Nightingale John Drasedon 1988 Wiley and Sons LTD Virgin Mary Linda McWell 1963 Curtin Pty.

Humour and Leadership

Leaders in today’s cut throat world of corporate industry face an enormous challenge. In the midst of achieving the organisation’s goals and pursuing profits, how do leaders build teamwork, motivate their subordinates, convey their sometimes demanding managerial concerns and reduce stress in a way that produces positivity and productivity? Is it possible to be serious at work without actually being serious at work? To answer this question, this essay will look at research surrounding leadership characteristics and investigate how humour can practically have an impact on leadership effectiveness. How do we define humour? Humour is a verbal or nonverbal activity eliciting a positive cognitive or affective response from listeners and must be connected to context in order to be truly funny. The definition includes puns, jokes, stories, anecdotes, physical actions etc (Meyer, 1990). According to Sarros and Barker (2003), humour is the ability to invoke laughter or see the funny side of a painful predicament. In their study of Australian managers, Sarros and Barker (2003) established that the character attribute of humour was rated the second highest behind integrity. Humour may seem an unlikely component for a leader, however Barker and Coy (2003) also recognised the importance of humour. They identified seven virtues by which Australian executives could be identified and humour was included. Eckert and Vehar (2000) state: â€Å"It’s possible to do serious work without being serious. In fact, it’s actually counterproductive to do it any other way. Research on environments that foster innovation shows that playfulness and humour are critically supportive elements. We can be serious about what we’re doing without taking ourselves seriously, and we must. With humour in the workplace being established as a component for effective leadership, the way in which it is used needs to be looked at. According to Anderson (2011), humour is best when it is used deliberately, and advises it to be planned but flow naturally according to one’s personality. There are many opportunities for humor to be used. While the telling of a joke is a good starting point, humour that uplifts is much more positive and this can occur during speeches, within memos or even at the conclusion of an email (Avolia et al 1999). There are many benefits as to why a leader would use humour in the workplace. According to Davis and Kleiner (1989), humour has the potential to achieve three outcomes, these are, 1. Stress Reduction in the workplace, 2. Conveying managerial concerns and 3. Motivating employees. Hughes and Avey (2009) add weight to this as their research suggests that when a leader uses humour, they elicit a greater commitment from their followers to the organisation and build a much deeper level of trust. Furthermore Holmes and Marra’s (2006) research on humour in the work place identified a wide range of functions including the use of humour as a solidarity strategy, establishing, maintaining and developing workplace relationships and contributing to the process of creating a sense of team through humour as a subversive strategy, contesting, challenging and undermining the achievement of workplace objectives. Humour in the workplace is incredibly profitable for some organisations. According to Stevenson (2004) organisations are starting to see the important role that humour plays towards leadership, motivation, innovation and creativity. Some of these initiatives have been stated by Morreall (1983) and include such organisations as Kodak and Price Waterhouse establishing humour rooms within their buildings. He goes on to add that because humour has such a profound affect on the body, even hospitals are using it to enhance the healing process. You could argue that God, through Solomon’s writings, has always been aware of the powerful impact humour can have; â€Å"A cheerful heart is good medicine, but a crushed spirit dries up the bones. † Proverbs 17 v 22 (TNIV 2005). I am currently working as a youth worker for a not for profit organisation. The nature of working in community welfare can be at times be extremely serious, so to counter the seriousness our team have written into our yearly plan to include times of spontaneous dancing in the office. Not that anyone can seem to dance with any real coordination or skill. However it’s exactly the opposite and it allows our team to laugh at and with each other as a way of building morale and combating stress relief. Not all leaders are funny and not all humour is effective. When a leader tries too hard to be funny, it has the potential to undermine their leadership. If the humour is seen as sarcastic or mean spirited, it will certainly alienate staff (Sala 2003). In a list of cautions given by Jonas (2004), who agrees with the idea that humour should be handled like hazardous material, the list of cautions include: Aggressive or put down humour which attacks people or humour based on topics which centre on sex or illegal activity. One would have to include humour which degrades gender and humour which slanders religious beliefs also. Avolio, Howell and Sosik (1999) found that some employee's view the use of humor to be inconsistent with the seriousness of the issues being examined and, depending upon the circumstances, the inappropriate use of humor may have detracted from, rather than contributing to, the eventual outcomes. In some instances, Avolio et al. also believe the use of humour leads employees to view their leaders as insensitive to their needs. When a leader uses humour, there is significant potential for good outcomes. Humour has the ability to go beneath the surface and affect the working environment to such an extent that organisations are seeing the benefit of including ‘humour rooms’ within their organisation. A simple joke about work which is shared among colleagues has the potential to build solidarity and form a bond between colleagues which in turn provides a more positive working environment and greater productivity. While there are some dangers in using humour, however a leader who uses humour wisely can most certainly have an effective and positive impact in their workplace.

A Single Case Evaluation of the Link Between Stress During and After Yoga Practice

A Single Case Evaluation of the Link Between Stress During and After Yoga Practice This is a description of a single case evaluation examining a relationship between stress during a test before practicing yoga and after practicing yoga. A single case evaluation is defined as a time series design used to evaluate the impact of an intervention or a policy change on individual cases or systems (Rubin Babbie, 2014). Stress during a test will be lower if the student participates in yoga on a daily basis. The observable indicators for my independent variable in the single case evaluation would be negative. It is negative because there is a significant problem present. In considering operational definitions some students not that practitioners might rely on the client’s complaint that a particular problem requires attention. Practitioners are using an operational definition that is they are persuaded to work on a problem on the basis of their observation of the extent of the client’s expressed difficulty or dissatisfaction with the problem. Thus, they could take prepared measures simply by having the clients indicate daily on a belief scale the degree of difficulty they felt they experienced with the problem that day (Rubin Babbie, 2014) For the case of my single case evaluation (stress levels during a test before and after yoga), the stress test could be used to test the level of stress in a person. The test would be done before the academic test. I would then participate in yoga and see if my stress levels go down before taking another academic test. Sources of Data When considering alternative sources of data (available records, interviews, self- report scales, or direct behavioral observation) (Rubin Babbie, 2014) Sources of data for my particular case would be the stress test or even direct behavioral observation in direct behavioral observation I would participate in self- monitoring where I would observe how I am feeling after participating in yoga before my test. Triangulation Triangulation is the use of two or three indicators. It refers to situations in which researcher are confronted with a multiplicity of imperfect measurement options, each having advantages and disadvantages. To maximize the chances that the hypothesized variation in the dependent variable will be detected, the researcher triangulates measures more than one measurement option is used (Rubin Babbie, 2014) In the case of my evaluation of stress during a test before doing yoga and after doing yoga the evaluators could also look at how hard the class is and also see if there is other factors stressing the student out that caused the high stress levels before the test. Data quantification procedures Frequency distribution is description of the number of time the various attributes of a variable are observed in a sample. Magnitude is the size or extent of something. Duration is the time in which something occurs. For my case I could use many of these terms. The one term that can be applied the most is duration. I could look at how long before the test does the stress occur and even examine how long the stress last. Baseline Baselines are control phases of repeated measures taken before an intervention is introduced. Ideally should be extended until a stable trend in the data is evident (Rubin Babbie, 2014). Five days leading up to the test the student had high levels of stress. There was a steady trend of stress. After the stress level test (the cardiac test) the levels of stress decreased. The test that I would be using to test the level of stress would be the cardiac test. The cardiac test consist of someone running on a treadmill as the level of stress is being calculated on a monitor. Intervention When looking up the definition of intervention variable the book referred me to mediating variable. Mediating variable is the mechanism by which am independent affected a dependent variable (Rubin Babbie, 2014). When it came to the intervention variable (yoga) my stress level dropped from a 4 to a 5. It stayed consistent on a 4 after my intervention was added. Visual Statistical The stress level before and after yoga was very similar. There was some changes, but not a change that was that noticeable. My intervention of yoga was not affective for the level of stress while taking a test. Substantive There really was no change in my numbers. The stress level did not decrease that much after the student participating in yoga.

Sex and Desire in Contemporary China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sex and Desire in Contemporary China - Essay Example China is undergoing a complex evolution process in which modernization is significantly affecting the way the Chinese community interacts sexually. The rapid change in the economy and culture has altered the sexual relationships and desires in the society. This paper will critically analyze the changes on sex and desire during the reign of Mao Zedong and the contemporary society. Today, China has undergone various changes on their views on extramarital affairs. Adultery and behaviors associated with adultery were termed as byproducts of capitalism. However, adultery was only recognized as an offense when it was practiced by the woman (Sheridan 15). Mao Zedong was married to many wives; yet he routinely abused young girls from the peasant family. However, he recommended for severe punishment for any person who was caught practicing adultery. In the contemporary society, the globalization of the economy has led to the post-revolution sex liberation where the moral value of sexual relat ionship has been eroded. This means that the society has confusedly encoded the morals of sex and desires into the rapidly changing social and market economies of the country. Mao Zedong is known to have advocated for the rights of women in the Chinese society. However, he is known to have sexually abused many peasant girls during his rule (Bullough 34). According to his physician, Li Zhisui, Mao is known to have infected many peasant girls with various venereal diseases. Mao’s sexual desires were insatiable, and he is said to have sexually abused many young girls despite his polygamous marriage. This significantly promoted sexual immorality in the society. The men in the Chinese society sexually abuse the young girls in the society. However, today women have their rights in various issues including sexual matters. The contemporary society advocates for sexual satisfaction among the women. Furthermore, the law provides for the punishment of the sex offenders in the society. D uring the Imperial era, the woman was expected to be submissive and obedient to their fathers, elder brothers, husband and sons following the husband’s death. During Mao’s communist era, there was liberation and revolution of the role of the woman in the society (Bullough 12). In 1950, the Marriage Law was enacted by the People’s Republic of China (RPC). However, the law was not followed, and the role of women during this time was similar to that of the traditional Chinese society. Mao’s behavior and attitude towards women also contributed to the failure of this law. In the contemporary society, the society recognizes equal rights for both sexes. In addition, the law protects the interest of the woman in the society. During the time of Mao Zedong, same sex relationships were abolished and discouraged in the society. Mao, a communist who advocated for Marxist principle, termed homosexuality as products capitalism (Ruan 30). Homosexuals and lesbians were ex communicated from the communalist community due to their sexual preferences. In 1997, homosexuality was accepted in the society. In addition, since 2002 it is no longer recognized as a mental disorder. In the Chinese government, various officials, for example, Li Yinhe, is a supporter of the lesbian, transgender, gay and bisexual people in the society (Evans 56). Since 2003, the modern day Chinese government has proposed

The American Court System Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The American Court System - Article Example The article begins by defining arbitration and mediation and explaining the basis of the two alternative dispute resolution methods. The article then discusses global application of arbitration before exploring past application of arbitration and mediation as dispute resolution approaches in the United States. Further discussion of the article covers some of the United States’ economic sectors that have in the past used mediation and arbitration. History of government involvement in promoting the alternative dispute resolution approaches are then discussed with highlights of some of the legislations that have been enacted to facilitate the approach to litigation (Gama, 2009). The article, based on its title, is expected to discuss chronological developments in alternative dispute resolution. The article could similarly be expected to explain some of the significant changes in dispute resolution that have facilitated its development. At the same time, a reader could expect discussion of the historical interaction between alternative dispute resolution and the judicial system with the aim of highlighting conflicting or complementary aspects of the two systems of dispute resolution. A large percentage of the article is therefore not related to the title. While the author should have started by introducing alternative dispute resolution in relation to the judicial system and then proceeded with a timeline history of developments in the dispute resolution and relative deviations from the judicial framework, the article explores the scope and application of alternative dispute resolution. Even though the author proceeded to discuss past legislations that have affected mediation and arbitration, readers would have expected a more explorative approach to the history. The article should have for instance discussed circumstances that led to the development of the

The intrusion of new technologies into the life-world lies at the Essay

The intrusion of new technologies into the life-world lies at the heart of the story about 20th century modernity - Essay Example For the modern geographer, the nature of time and space, the relationship between technological innovation and social space, the implications of the modern condition in the construction of subjectivity in the context of the technological advancements especially the impact of industrialization and the spread of manufacturing houses in the twentieth century, become essential studies. Use of technology has provided a choice, to act responsibly given the type of tool in hand or, to reject; to choose selectively and communally and to make a conscious choice of weeding out the superfluous and bettering what is perceived to be good (Robinson, 2001). This dissertation shall analyze the advent and progress of industrialization, concept of factories as the spatial basis of modernity, its impact on the society its, especially in relation to the concepts of time and space, and the economic implications, through various perspectives of modern philosophers and geographers like, Max Weber, David Ny e, Michel Foucault, Georg Simmel, Marshall Berman, Henri Lefebvre, to name a few. In the process, it is attempted to study the relevance of their observations, their limitations, drawing attention to their future connotations for the future. The Industrial Revolution: The term 'technology' was born in 1828 and spread with the railroads. The very first of such technologies is the rise of the telegraph system, which allowed important news to be transmitted across the country with rapid speed, and more pointedly the stock quotes, that aided the stock market bloom. Then, the railroad system, that allowed goods and people, to travel around anywhere at a faster pace. The importance of the railways was not only its speed and automation, but that it gave its riders freedom. Nye (1994) has wondered "What better way to measure oneself against nature than through the great works of manufacturing and engineering" Even more speed was achieved with the advent of the petroleum system, which with the use of pipes and railroads, was utilized move products and people. Then the telephone system that allowed people to interact with each other over long distances. This was closely followed by the advent of the electric system, which was deve loped by Thomas Edison, with the aid of Michael Faraday's electric generator. When Edison invented the light bulb, he founded the Edison Electric Illuminating Company of New York. Very rapidly, almost within months, the world was witnessing a great transformation. Consequently, the United States of America and the European nations were being transformed from agricultural societies to those that were industrially dependant societies. Many farmers and other people were giving up the rural life and moving to urban and city areas to find jobs in factories. The Rise of the Factory: The history of technological revolutions in the past two centuries may be said to have started with the Industrial Revolution of 1760-1830, which witnessed the "rise of the factory." (Mokyr, 2001) Actually, there have been numerous precedents for large-scale enterprise and for people working in large plants

Media Advertising Criticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Media Advertising Criticism - Essay Example The major role of advertising is to increase sale of products and services, in addition to creating and maintaining the brand identity and image. It also entails communicating the change that exists in the product line and introducing a new product or service (Bartels 46). It is also viewed as a favorable representation of products to make customers, consumers and the public aware of the existent products. In other words, it lets potential users, buyers, and the public as a whole become familiar with the various brands of products, goods and services found in the market. Advertising has faced various criticisms regarding the content, ethics, privacy and the cost of the adverts. In this essay, we are going to discuss the reasons why advertising is essential irrespective of the criticisms that have been lodged against it (Beckman 70). Additionally, we shall examine in details some of the issues that bring about the criticisms of advertising. For instance, that it does not protect other people’s privacy and that it lays emphasis on inaccurate or inappropriate content. Beckman brings out the fact that media organizations at times misinterpret and withhold relevant facts because they are subverted by the advertiser’s demands. ... They believe that tobacco adverts may convince the younger generation that smoking is cool, yet is not. In some countries such as Canada, Europe, South Africa and New Zealand, the advertising structure operates in a system of self-regulation where advertisers, media and advertising agencies agree on the code of advertising standards that all stakeholders try to uphold. This aims at ensuring that the advertising is decent, legal, truthful and honest (Beckman 89). Thousands of policy researchers, opinion makers and politicians often wish to transmit information to the larger public. In order to do that successfully, they need a medium of communication. Therefore, media organizations always serve as the intermediaries of conveying such messages. Transmission of information and news to the public is extremely expensive, and this has prompted media organizations to significantly depend on advertising in order to cover some of their costs. There are few organizations and corporations that spend heavily on adverts, and this has compelled media agencies to accept advert orders from them irrespective of whether they violate the media ethics or not (Bartels 100). Advertising in its essential nature boldly appeals to the self-interest of customers for the patent and selfish gain of the capitalists. Therefore, criticizing advertising is to criticize capitalism and ethical egoism (Albion 48). Anderson makes us understand that, in the psychological point of view, people are in control of their mind; thus, they cannot be manipulated unless they allow it. There are three facts that uphold this statement. First, reason is volitional, a fact that negates determinism; thus, removes the support for the view that advertising possesses

Instructional Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Instructional Strategies - Essay Example The prescriptions included the art of teaching facts, concepts, interpersonal skills, procedures, attitudes and principles or rules. The following paper describes a generative strategy to support the above prescriptions. Teaching Facts Facts are truths about real life happenings. The teacher should vividly lay down the facts and give their meanings for the student to recall easily. The teacher should also ensure that the student can integrate the facts laid down in their science projects so that they achieve the desired results. Further, the teacher should also organize the facts in a chronological manner for the students to smoothly capture the required meaning. Eventually, the teacher should ensure that the student can elaborate the facts laid down in their own words without problems or deviating from the real meaning. This would ensure that the students generate factual projects and in return scoring higher grades. Teaching Concepts Morrison et al describes concepts a group of sim ilar ideas or things. The teacher should lay down the concepts in a manner that the student can easily recall and comprehend. ... Further, the teacher must make sure that the concepts are well organized for the student to emulate and apply them properly in their projects. Lastly, the teacher should ensure that the student can elaborate the concepts in their own words without distorting the meaning and importance of the concepts. Teaching principals and rules According to Morrison et al, the definition of a rule or principle is a relationship between concepts (2010). Thus, the teacher should clearly state the principle involved in the science projects and make sure that the students understand and recall the principles. Then the teacher should ensure that the students can integrate the principles learnt in their science projects and organize the principles in a chronological manner. Lastly, the teacher should ensure that the middle school students can elaborate the principles in their own words so as to make conclusive projects. Teaching procedures The teacher should formulate a procedure and follow it properly so that the student can follow another on their projects. Then the teacher should ensure that the student can integrate the procedural skills gained in their projects, and organize them chronologically. In addition, the teacher should ensure that the student can elaborate the procedures adequately for proper development of their science projects. Teaching interpersonal skills Interpersonal skills are the ways that human beings use to relate to each other in a cordial manner (Gibson, 1999). Teachers should educate their students on ways of relating to each other in order to help each other in their science projects. The student should be taught that interpersonal skills enable people to help each other out and ask for help. The teacher should

Public University Analysis (#2) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Public University Analysis (#2) - Essay Example The current trend is that the organisations only have to report their contributions but the proposal will make their financials weaker since they have to show their share of liabilities. The effect of the proposed GASB will be an increase in the pension liability for public agencies. The income that the institution receives from its activities is an economic factor that affects the organisation’s future growth and success. The higher the income obtained by an entity from its operations, the higher the growth and success of that institution. (The Times 100) The inflation rates being experienced in the economy affect the growth of the institution since inflation rates affects the price of commodities. When these rates are high it reduces the spending power of the institution since there is an increase in the prices of commodities. The recession, like the one in 2008, caused a slow rate in growth of an institution since the economy is experiencing a slump. The recession also limits the success that an organization might have due to it reporting reduced sales. (The Times 100) Interest rates increase the borrowing costs of an institution and reduce the funds that an institution might try to get from borrowing due to the high costs of borrowing. (The Times 100) High borrowing costs also limit the growth of an institution since much of the capital is borrowed and therefore no in the control of the shareholders, which is not an ideal situation. Federal Pell grants are recorded under non-operating revenues (expenses) together with private gifts, state hospital fee grants, Build America Bonds federal interest subsidies and net investment income. All these are accumulated to give the net non-operating revenues. Federal Pell grants are also included in the Schedule of Expenditures of Federal Awards as well as the

Management, leadership and chnage - Assighnment one - Research Assignment

Management, leadership and chnage - Assighnment one - Research proposal - Assignment Example Collectively, this will illustrate that failure to manage change leads to immense failure. This report will be based on information obtained from, books, news articles, and pertinent journals, which will go a long way in reconnoitering the concept of leadership and change management. The starting point will be a comprehensive background of Nokia to understand its trajectory overtime and more particularly its leadership and significant changes that it has undergone. This shall closely be followed by a wide-ranging literature review of various sources that explicates the various leadership styles. It will then propose a methodology to be used in conducting the research and end in a brief summary. However, prior to that, we define leadership as the act of setting directions, creating and inspiring others with a vision of achieving some predetermined goals or something new. Nokia is a mobile device manufacturer initiated in1865 by Fredrick Idestam, who was at that time a mining engineer (Nokia 2009). He did a commendable job by building a ground wood pulp mill on the Tammerkoski rapids. The mill was a paper plant to tailor made paper products to the market. Fredrick established a second mill with more hydropower resource near Nokianvirta River near Edwards’s Polon’s company groups. In the year 1871, the chief executive officer employed transformation leadership by renaming and transforming the firm into a share company hence Nokia Ab found. This was to improve quality and dominate the market. From the year 1861 to 1930, Edward Polon, the founder and chairman of Board, stepped up the transformation style leading to the development of another rubber industry in Finland. The company, consequently, build a wood and cable industry where Polon made a decision of naming it Nokia where the majority of his factories were located and where progressive

Different Cusines I Eat Essay Example for Free

Different Cusines I Eat Essay Eating with the people you love is the most blissful moments you could ever have, and eating your favorite kinds of ethnic cuisines with the people you love†¦ now that’s the best moments you could ever have. One of the delights of life is eating with friends, second to that is talking about eating. And, for an unsurpassed double whammy, there is talking about eating while you are eating with friends. said by Laurie Colwin. Every cuisine had its own taste, culture and history behind every cuisine we eat. My 3 favorite ethnic cuisines are Mediterranean, Far East Asian, and Indian. First kind of ethnic cuisine is Mediterranean. Which gain its name from the countries that border the Mediterranean Sea. The important aspects of the Mediterranean diet are high intakes of grains, fruits, vegetables, olive oil, onions, garlic, fresh herbs, seafood, and cereals, such as nuts, seeds, and dried beans. Cheese, yogurt, fish, and poultry are consumed in low to moderate amounts, and little red meat is eaten. Some of the common/my favorite foods that you might have heard are hummus, pita, chicken/ beef/ lamb kabobs, chicken/beef/falafel shawarma and baklava. Second kinds of ethnic cuisine are the Far East Asian cuisines. Food is an important part of their history and culture. Rice and noodles compose of the important part in the Asian cuisine. Besides, Asians’ daily meals consist of six food groups: grains (or starch staples), vegetables, fruits, legumes, meat, and spices. Asian cooking has developed into a very sophisticated art because Asian food also focuses on the harmony of sight, smell, taste, and texture. Moreover, color, aroma, and flavor are not the only the key elements in Asian cooking; nutrition is also highly concerned for most Asian dishes are cooked with meat and vegetables together, so the foods are low in calories, high in nutrients, invariably well balanced. In addition, the different climate and agriculture from East to West and North to South, and various cooking methods, such as roasting, boiling, steaming, stewing, and stir-frying create several kinds of Asian cuisine. Third kind of http://componchu. blogspot. com/2005/06/my-final-essay-for-this-semester. html http://jpgmag. com/stories/18131.

Elasticity of Demand Essay Example for Free

Elasticity of Demand Essay Elasticity of demand, also known as price elasticity refers to the way people react to price changes. The greater the demand elasticity, the more sensitive people are to changes in pricing. The degree of demand of a product or service depends on its pricing. If the product is priced lower, it will experience high demand while a higher priced product may see lower demand. Generally, products such as cars, appliances, cosmetics and other non-essential items show elasticity of demand while food, medicine, clothing and other necessities display inelasticity of demand. Our survey consist various types of green teas which are Dilmah, Lipton and Ten Ren. All three products that we surveyed contained the same amount of tea bags which is 20 tea bags. Dilmah was priced at RM8. 00 which comes up to RM0. 40 cents a bag and Ten Ren was priced at RM8. 79 which comes up to RM0. 44 cents a bag while Lipton was priced at RM18. 40 making it RM0. 92 cents per bag. From this information itself, we can say that Dilmah and Ten Ren are similarly priced while Lipton is priced considerably high compared to Dilmah or Ten Ren. According to the concept of price elasticity of demand, a 10% rise in price will result in a more than 10% drop in quantity demanded if a product shows elasticity of demand. If a product show inelasticity of demand, a 10% rise in price will result in a less than 10% drop in quantity demanded. At the price range of RM8. 00 to RM8. 79, we assume that Dilmah and Ten Ren are products that show inelasticity of demand while Lipton priced much higher at RM18. 40 shows elasticity of demand. We argue that this is due to the nature of the good where Dilmah and Ten Ren are considered necessities while Lipton is considered a luxury because they are aim towards different markets. Dilmah, Ten Ren and Lipton are supposed to be similarly priced because all three brands are Green Tea and carry two bags each but the higher pricing of Lipton suggests otherwise. Substitutes are supposed to be similar in pricing. Therefore this justifies that Lipton is a luxury good and aimed for a higher market. A lot of close substitutes exists at similar pricing for Ten Ren and Dilmah such as BOH and Cameron who also offer Green Tea. At this market, when one product experiences a change in price, a substitute of the product will either experience an increase or decrease in quantity demanded depending on the nature of the price change. Therefore due to the availability of many close substitutes, demand is more elastic for Ten Ren and Dilmah. However for Lipton which is aimed at a different market, the existence of close substitutes are almost none. Hence, Lipton would show an inelasticity of demand. When the income of consumer increases, the share of budget increases. Therefore, consumers have the ability to choose more. Luxurious product can be also purchased depend on the consumers budget, then the quantity increase as well. Since, Lipton is luxury good, when our consumer’s income increase, they will choose Lipton instead of Dilamh and Ten Ren. Moreover, when the income of consumer decreases, share of budget also decreases. Therefore, they will not choose luxury product, they will choose more necessity product such as Dilmah and Ten Ren. http://www. ehow. com/info_12132333_advantages-elasticity-demand. tml http://www. investopedia. com/terms/c/complement. asp http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/elasticity-of-demand. html Complements are very important these days. Complement is a product that is used in together with another product. There are no fixed complements for green tea (Ten Ren, Dilmah, Lipton). However, some consumers use complements such as sugar or honey to go with their green tea. In this situation, a decrease in th e price of sugar or honey might lead to an increase of quantity demanded of green tea. ( Ten Ren, Dilmah, Lipton).

Theories of Work and Identity

Theories of Work and Identity Discuss: Work is a big portion of a person’s life. To say that work is a big portion of a person’s life is a understatement of large proportions. Children are raised with one or both parents who make it a priority. They are raised to make it a priority. They work virtually all their lives. They retire from it. It can be intrusive and ubiquitous and the fact that it is both a noun and a verb does not begin to hint at the complexity of it. In beginning to consider it, a nature path would be to define its nature. Is it feathered or scaled, or more accurately, is it to be relegated as a science of economics, sociology or something else entirely? Many regard it as a pure function of applied economics (Block, Berg, Belman 2004, p. 94). It seems right to regard it as such as at its most basic level it is a about an exchange relationship in which two parties trade something the one owns for something the other owns. Whether this exchange is of time, expertise, property, or ideas is irrelevant. The exchange takes place in a form of a market while both discrete and often not-so-discrete forces are at ‘work’ to set the value of the exchange. These forces, laws of supply and demand, invisible hands and the like seek to maximize the utility of the trade to both parties. As a consequence of the nature of the relationship being able to be characterized by an ‘exchange’, work can also be considered by a legal or contractual basis. By virtue of this, there are certain very explicit rules that govern the conduct of either party with regard to the fulfillment of their respective duties. Such laws, as for example in the United States, often fall under a Department of Labor and generally includes such standards as a forty-hour work week, harassment and discrimination provisions, minimum pay and pay frequency specifications as well as provisions regarding collective bargaining. The goal of such a perspective is to serve as something of a bridge between not only the economic interests of both parties but the social impact of work to the workers. In modern world, a typical exchange takes place between the individual and the organization. With this type of exchange, there are a number of additional concerns and issues that become relevant. In the first place there is generally an asymmetry of power in which the owners of capital employ individuals in masse to literally make up the corporate body and to wield profit maximizing power on employees. This imbalance is potentially offset by the previously mentioned ability of certain workers to partake in collective bargaining actions such as the formation of unions that ultimately can help to give the individual worker a larger voice. This power is wielded as a consequence of the corporation’s greater resources to enforce the often contractual nature of the exchange. Also, as corporate budgets generally exceed those of individuals the ration of the loss to the total ‘budget’ is greater. In addition, as a corporation does not have emotions, the consequences of a ‘failed agreement’ are often of significant magnitude to the individual. Though the worth of the individual worker is indeed significant to the corporation for, without him, the corporation would ‘die’, the time horizon of the two parties is vastly different. This idea is eloquently expressed by Adam Smith, â€Å"In the long-run the workman may be as necessary to his master as his master is to him; but the necessity is not so immediate† (Smith 1976, p.84). As the nature of work is at least partly economic, to ignore the basic issues of business management would be unpardonable. From Taylor’s beginning of scientific management to the â€Å"high performance work systems† of today, the nature of managing the individual worker presents a range of methods devised in order to maximize the economic return of work. While Taylor’s command-and-control methods largely regarded the average laborer as incapable of being able to self-manage, they did nonetheless create vast increases in efficiency and paved the way for the development of very large organizations. Interestingly enough, these techniques, or at least, the implementation, of them has been supplanted by the like’s of Stanford’s Pfeffer is able to rigorously document the superlativity of a complete system of seven key human resource practices that, when fully integrated into an organization produce superior financial returns to the organization. In place of timed work, close supervision and continuous thrusts for greater efficiency through centralized decision-making, consider the characteristics of the ‘modern’ high performance organization (Taylor 1917; Pfeffer 1998, pp. 64-65): Employment security Selective hiring Decentralized decision-making Comparatively high compensation Extensive training Egalitarian work place Extensive information sharing. Despite the fundamental economic nature of work, there is another side that, were it go unmentioned, the discussion would utterly fail to consider the other perspective on work: that of the individual employee. Even as an economic premise entirely, the goal of which is to increase the profit and well-being of the individual, the sociological aspects of work merit full consideration (Stiglitz 2002, p. 1). In consideration of the individual, it is reasonable that one might consider the very contractual nature of work to be akin to that of a â€Å"social exchange† process through which individuals and groups of individuals engage in transactions (Dreher Dougherty 2002, p. 41). These exchanges are clearly governed first by applicable laws and regulations, perhaps secondly by organizational policies and procedures and thirdly and perhaps most notably, they are regulated by the very nature of individuals to ascribe to something that might resemble a common values system. In this system is the seemingly natural component of a sense of â€Å"fairness†. This guides innumerable behaviors as the individual inevitably seeks a form of â€Å"reciprocal altruism† in which, in addition to following self-serving fulfillment of their own needs, individuals appear to operate on the assumption that there is a bigger picture of morals and the â€Å"right thing† involved (Fred erick Wasieleski 2002, pp.284). An additional consideration of the social nature of work and ensuing issues is the idea that, for many, work is the process by which â€Å"identity† is established. Consider the typical introduction at a party or other function†¦ first, one gives their name and then, almost inevitably either their occupation or work relation status to the host (i.e., â€Å"I work with Ted†, â€Å"I am a client†, etc.). This phenomenon, Social Identity Theory, is quite relevant to the workplace in that it forces one to consider the psychological implications of doing business (Ashforth Mael 1989, pp. 20-21; Stiglitz 2002, p. 1). Bridging this concept with the representation that work is fundamentally an exchange relationship is the idea of the psychological contract. Just as there are explicit rules governing work expectations, so too are there implicit rules. The rules are communicated by the culture of the firm, the seemingly accepted behaviors of others in a similar posit ion and other verbal and non-verbal queues. The conditions of the contract are primarily mediated by the individual’s manager, the immediate representation of the organization in the mind of the individual (Rousseau 2000, February). Thus, it is through the social processes of work that an individual gains an understand of who they are but also gain particular knowledge of the mutual obligations of the economic exchange. In summary, work is. It is: what, why, how, when. It is the noun and the verb, the result as well as the process. A discussion of which cannot omit the fundamental economic nature of it yet one cannot ignore the precepts of sociology and psychology woven into every single ‘unit of production’, the individual worker. Any discussion of work which does not give full deliberation the simultaneous dichotomy is to only give half the argument and less than that for the appreciation of what work represents, to the organization, the individual and to society. Works Consulted Ashforth, B. F. Mael. (1989). â€Å"Social Identity Theory and the Organization†. Academy of Management Review (14), 1, pp. 20-39. Block, R., Berg, P. and Belman, D. (2004). â€Å"The Economic Dimension of the Employment Relationship†, in Coyle –Shepard, J. Shore, L. Taylor, M. and Tetrick, L., (eds.). The Employment Relationship: Examining Psychological and Contextual Perspectives. Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK. Dreher, G. and Dougherty, T. (2002). Human Resource Strategy: A Behavioral Perspective for the General Manager. McGraw-Hill Irwin: Boston, Massachusetts. Frederick, W. and Wasieleski, D. (2002). â€Å"Evolutionary Social Contracts†. Business and Society Review, (107), 3, pp. 283-308. Pfeffer, J. (1998). The Human Equation: Building Profits by Putting People First. Harvard Business School Press: Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Rosseau, D. (2000, February). Psychological Contract Inventory Technical Report. Carnegie Mellon University: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA . Smith, A. (1976). An Inquiry into the Nature and the Causes of the Wealth of Nation., R.H. Campbell and A.S. Skinner, eds. Clarendon Press:. Oxford, UK Stitlitz, J. (2002). â€Å"Employment, Social Justice and Societal Well-Being†. International Labour Review, (141), 1-2, pp. 9-29. Taylor, F. (1911). The Principles of Scientific Management. Harper: New York, New York.

Rolfing :: Research Physical Muscle Essays

Rolfing Rolfing is a scientific and organized system of manipulating the muscles in the body to their correct positions. Rolfing is a controlled approach within the general field of structural integration. Rolfing was originally called "structural integration." Some people still use the words, structural integration, instead of Rolfing (www.smart.net/~astro/define.html). Developed by Ida P. Rolf, Ph.D., this practice includes the process of teaching the body how to move by manipulating the body. People that are involved in Rolfing believe that the versatility and harmony of the body has to do with how the body deals with the field of gravity. Gravity is the most powerful force that affects the human body. The goal is to balance the body, and the main objective is to be in harmony with the body (www.lyrisys.com/LinSilver/). Rolfing restructures and educates the body to move in a specific manner. It releases the tension in the tissues which hold the bones and organs together to let the body r e-align or balance itself with the force of gravity. Since Rolfing gives the body a better balance, it takes less energy to fight against gravity. It re-educates the body's movement patterns. Movement in the body becomes simpler and there is an improvement in daily functions (www.igrin.co.nz/business/rolfing2.htm). In the 1930's and 1940's, Dr. Ida P. Rolf was a biochemist who studied the movement and function of the corrective tissue. Fifty years ago, Dr. Rolf named her work structural integration, but today it is known as Rolfing. She was interested in finding out about long-term contractions by pointing out the faults of the muscle tissues. She had a son that was ill and no doctor could find the cure. Then, she realized that the problem was within her son's body. The internal organs were being compressed. She started to massage her son, and the pain her son was feeling began to disappear (www.concentric.net/~wkaye/HistoryPage.html). Dr. Rolf worked in creating a holistic system of manipulating the tissues and educating the body's movement in symmetry with gravity. She found that by guiding the body's system with posturing and structuring, people could begin to feel changes in their body. Rolfing was the nickname that was given after the founder, Dr. Ida Rolf (www.rolf.org/intro.html). Af ter giving many lectures and writing many books, she founded the Rolf Institute to teach others the concept of Rolfing (www.concentric.net/~wkaye/HistoryPage.html). The main goal in Rolfing is to align the body to its original state.

When will child labor cease to exist? Essay -- Essays Papers

When will child labor cease to exist? Child labor is and has always been a difficult problem to address. In the global market system which exists today, the problem has become that much more difficult. Now more than ever before, markets are interdependent, and the regulation and governance of them is a convoluted process to say the least. The regulatory structure is not intact; no one knows who will regulate such issues, internationally and locally, governmentally, and in the private sector. Also, current economic practice makes it difficult to in one broad stroke ban the practice of child labor, for fear of eliminating the nation’s area of comparative advantage, cheap labor. Not only is the problem of child labor one of economics, but it is also one that raises very difficult ethical questions. This paper will attempt to weigh the economic factors both locally and internationally, against common ethical principles which are certainly to be raised when one discusses child labor. Based upon the situation some specific sectors where the practice of child labor is taking place. Depending upon the economic conditions of a country, and other external factors, some families could be faced with the prospect of starvation if their child is not earning some income to ensure the survival of the family. One question that is raised early in the analysis of child labor is, is child labor categorically wrong? The practice of child labor was a long standing institution in many western European countries, and had a general glint of acceptance. It was only in the nineteenth century that we find the rise of the contemporary ideal of childhood emerge, and the wave of anti child labor sentiment reach a stage where it faded away ... ... practice of harmful child labor obsolete. The institution of education is the most important aspect to building economies to a point where they may rise out of the child labor trap. Education must be gradually intra nationally and internationally be subsidized, while simultaneously providing some form of economic aid or reform to these countries that make it possible for the families in these poor countries in Asia and Africa to keep their child out of dangerous labor, and in school. What is in essence proposed, is a gradual effort of the international community. Bibliography http://econ.cudenver.edu/beckman/econ4410/basu.pdf http://www.unicef.org/protection/index_childlabour.html http://www.nclnet.org/clc.htm http://www.hrw.org/children/labor.htm http://www.hrw.org/wr2k2/children.html#Child%20Labor http://www.empereur.com/DOC/Child_Labor.html

The Suffering of the Proud Essay -- English Literature Essays

The Suffering of the Proud Pride is a key to self-respect; however, when it goes to far, people forget that humility is a virtue too. In the play Antigone, pride plays a major role throughout, appearing as fatal flaws in both Antigone and Kreon, the main characters of Sophocles’s tragedy. For Antigone and Kreon, as soon as the stepped past the line of humility, they were doomed to fail. For example, Kreon became so proud of himself he refused to listen to others warnings and assumes the gods are on his side. â€Å"But didn’t that girl do wrong?’ ‘The whole nation denies it.’ ‘Will the nation tell me what orders I can give?† (Kreon, Haimon, Kreon 881-3) this is a perfect example, because he refuses to listen to his son, and then, when presented with the fact that the whole nation thinks he is wrong, decides that he doesn’t care what the nation thinks. Throughout the play, his advisor, Koryphaios, repeatedly gives him gentle warnings, and Kreon claims he is getting old, ignores him, or refutes him with points that only emphasize his out-of-control pride, such as, â€Å"Men our age, learn from [Haimon] (Kreon 876). He also assumes that the gods will go along with whatever he says, â€Å"can you see the gods honoring criminals? Impossible† (Kreon 364-5). This kind of attitude is something that appears in almost ever y Greek myth, the thought that the gods will side with them no matter what, and it always ends up biting them in the rear. Furthermore, Kreon holds his subjects in contempt...

Case Coca-Cola Essay

Introduction Coca-Cola is one of the most respected companies in America. Here in the Philippines, Coca-Cola is still the patronized brand of soda. Coca Cola’s refreshing taste provides happiness to the people. Coca-Cola Neville Isdell is the new chief executive after Robert C. Goizueta died. Coca-Cola Company has a sole product line to offer in the market which is the carbonated soda like Coke, Diet Coke, Sprite and Fanta. Coke operations take place in India, China, and other 14 country around the world to reach the target market in dispersed area and to increase their market share. Through the effort of Roberto C. Goizueta, Coca-Cola rapidly grows in the year 1980’s to 1990’s when they introduce the product in the market. Coca Cola bottling operations was given to Cola-Cola Enterprises Inc. which Coca Cola Co. owns 49% of the stocks that allows them have enough control on the operations. Coke has a control on the pricing of the products and the decision on how many vending machines Coca-Cola Enterprises will purchase that will be used in distributing the coke products. Coke rival competitor in the market is the Pepsi Co. which grabs all the opportunities for the company to widen their product line which are interrelated. The goal of PepsiCo is to capture the area where there is strong possibility that they will grow. PepsiCo outlays Coca-Cola in expanding their product line by acquisition and mergers. Background of the problem Statement of the problem †¢What strategy can Coca-Cola use to cope up to the changing environment to become a market driven organization? Analysis of the problem Coca-Cola basically does not adapt changes in the market. They are ignoring the fact that their product is not in trend today. The members of the top management are still thinking in the past and try to strengthen the company by using the tactic that the former CEO Robert Goizueta used long ago. By doing this the company will be customer focus Alternative courses of action †¢Coca-Cola’s top management must initiate the transformation of the company to become a market driven organization. He must influence his subordinates by serving as a role model so that the frontline employees will be encourage to exert more effort in providing satisfaction or delight to customers. †¢Coca-Cola must implement innovation to their products that would fit the customer demand. They can also produce a new line of beverages that are healthy like milk and tea which will be offered to those people who are health conscious and are old citizens of the country. †¢Coca-Cola must acquire or enter in a merge with a beverage business other than soda. By this they can widen their product line and they can have other source of income other than carbonated soda that the demands start to decline. This is cause by the health conscious individuals and the product is perceive as bad to the human body because it can cause acidity if there is too much consumption. â₠¬ ¢Status-quo Recommendation Learning †¢Company must be market oriented, customer focus and possesses competitor intelligence. These factors are very important in providing customer satisfaction or delight. Customer is the one you would think in running your business because without them your business and your concept is useless. †¢Company should be dynamic and are not afraid to adapt to the new trends today. Everything is dynamic or changing, so the company should also be flexible enough to survive in the market in the long run. †¢Top management must be open-minded in the changes in the market to avoid the growth of a business or organization. Once the top management are stock in the traditional mindset and don’t permit change the company will never grow because today nothing is permanent.

Reaction Paper in the Movie Jose Rizal

The movie tells the life story of Jose Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines. A three-hour epic on the life and struggles of his poet and patriotisms. It covers his life fromhis childhood to his execution at the hands of the Spanish forces occupying thePhilippines in the late 19th century. We are also thrown into the world of Rizal's novels (filmed in black and white), so we get a glimpse of how he viewed Filipino society under the Spanish heal. The film also through a series of flashback showing Rizal as a genius, a writer, a doctor, an artist, a lover, a friend, a brother and a son, thus giving a rich texture of Rizal’s character.The movie introduces us to the life of subjugation of the Filipino people under the rule of the Spanish friars. From the execution of three Filipino priests in 1872 for alleged subversion to the harsh and unequal treatment of Filipino students in the schools, this film is a stinging indictment of Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines. I als o commend the film for its bravery in showing the evil tyranny of the Catholic Church during that time. Considering that the Philippines is a Catholic nation that is like butchering a sacred cow but alas, Abaya works her magic in depicting the suffering of the Filipinos because of the friars.This is by far the best Filipino movie that I have seen so far. I would urge anyone reading this who likes movies, to either rent it or buy it. I particularly love the last scene of the film when Rizal fell in the ground facing the sky, having his last breath looking at a beautiful sunrise- a metaphor depicting that Rizal did not die in vain. He did not die for nothing. He did not die defeated. Rather he died victorious because his death is the torch that lights Philippine independence, that ignites Philippine RevolutionOne of the strengths of Jose Rizal is the incorporation of the characters of Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo in the life of Rizal and of the Filipinos in general. This only shows that the two books are reflections of the lives of the Filipinos during the Spanish regime. But the thought and noble ideas of the book do not only live in the past but also in the present manifesting the universality and immortality of Rizal's ideas. The beautiful transition of Rizal's time and the setting of the two novels is really impressive.

People are not born as a criminal Essay

People are not born as a criminal. In fact, they are born neutral but then learn criminal behavior as they get older. Why is that? They are born as neutral human beings, but what events cause deviance action? How do they learn? Individuals learn criminal behavior through outside influences or the events that happen in their past. Causes such as nature and the environment in which the person is brought up in are key factors to criminal behavior. The upbringing of an individual primarily shapes the future personality of said person. This is done through family or societal influences, imitation of one’s role models, being surrounded by criminal people or through media influences such as video games and violent movies. It is theorized that a strong link exists between negative experiences from the past and criminal offenses that people do, since childhood is the basis for the growth of personality and forming the pathways that individuals take as adults. When an individual is going through a rough childhood, anger or frustration is created within the person who further increases their chances of taking the wrong path towards deviant behavior. Or when an individual lives in a society or family where abuse or drug use is normal, the chances of the individual following the same path is very high. Studies have revealed that out of 200 serious juvenile offenders that were asked, over 90% of them had serious childhood trauma. 74% were physically or sexually abused and 30% suffered the disturbance of losing a significant person sometime during their life. Criminals such as Robert Thomson, John Venables, Jesse Pomeroy, Cheryl Pierson and Peter Dinsdale (otherwise known as Bruce Lee), have suffered severe problems in terms of their family relations, whether it is through abuse or an immoral influential figure. So according to this, individuals have a much higher chance of leading a criminal life based off their childhood trauma and the way in which they were influenced. In this essay, the question of why people commit crime will be explored through the psychology and learning theory lens. The cases of John Venables, Jesse Pomeroy and Sergeant Robert Bulges will also be discussed. The Social Learning Theory suggests that learning occurs when an individual (the learner) observes the copier (the model). The learner’s criminal behavior is reinforced from the model and they learn beliefs that are favorable to  crime. The theorist argues that people are not born as a criminal. They learn to think and act violently as a result of their day to day experiences. These experiences can include observing the behaviors of friends, family, and media. There are four factors that can increase violence; a stressful event like a threat, challenge or assault that can heighten anger, aggressive skills or techniques learned through observing others, a belief that aggression or violence will be socially rewarded (for example, reducing frustration, enhancing self-esteem, providing material goods or earning the praise of other people) and finally, a value system that tolerates violent acts within certain social contexts. A child’s mind is undeveloped fully and is innocent. They learn from observing their surrounding environment, whether it is a good or bad thing since they do not have a sense of right and wrong. If an individual is surrounded by a bad environment, they have a higher chance of doing the same t hing. A significant influence on a child’s mind is their family. Family, in general, are groups of related individuals living under the same roof. As human beings, we learn learn everything from family first, because those are the people we spend the most time with. So family reflects of what we do, who we are and is also a reflection of how we are brought up. The family is divided in three groups; parents, siblings and relatives. If a child is brought up in an abusive environment, this will affect him negatively and the chances of him/her continuing this path will be much greater. The effects of sibling can also lead to criminal life. The elder siblings are the role models so an individual who has siblings that follow a criminal life will be a bad influence on the individual. For example, if that sibling is involved with the drug use or dealing with drugs, he would also teach his younger sibling to do the same. And if that sibling learns it and sees that is an easy way to obtain mo ney, he would continue doing that in their future. The media also plays a major role on a society. An individual who plays or watches a lot of violent video games and movies tend to do the same thing. There have been several tragedies due to the influence of games. The biggest example is the Columbine High School massacre by Klebold and Harris and is said that to have been hugely influenced by the video games. They essentially have criminal models that they associate with. As a consequence, these individuals come to view crime as something that is desirable. The  psychology theory explains criminal behavior as a consequence of individual factors, such as negative early childhood experiences, and poor socialization which results in criminal thinking patterns. Criminals and deviants are seen as suffering from personality deficiencies. Thus, crimes result from abnormal, dysfunctional, or inappropriate mental processes within the personality of the individual. These defective or abnormal mental processes could be caused from a variety of things, including a diseased mind, inappropriate learning, improper conditioning, and the absence of appropriate role models or the strong presence of inappropriate role models. Psychoanalytic theory, developed by Sigmund Freud, explores the idea of teen or adult behavior being impacted by early childhood experiences. For Freud, aggression was a basic human impulse, that is blocked in well-adjusted people who have experienced a normal childhood. However, if the aggressive impulse is not controlled, or is repressed, it could leak out of the unconscious and a person can engage in random acts of violence. A child who has had a rough childhood has a hard time controlling their anger and when the anger is uncontrollable, it can lead them to follow a deviant behavior. Individuals who had a negative childhood, such as being picked on at school, having abusive parents, losing a significant other or being neglected can affect their mind (depression) and create feelings of anger or frustration. Researchers suggest that some serious violent offenders may have a serious personality defect commonly known as psychopathy. These psychopaths are not born as a psychopath. They become psychopath because of a number of early childhood factors. These factors include having an emotionally unstable parent, parental rejection, lack of love during childhood and inconsistent discipline.  ­ Psychopaths are impulsive, have low levels of guilt and frequently violate the rights of others. It had been estimated that approximately 30 percent of all prison inmates in the United States are psychopaths. There are several cases in which an individual has divorced parents, which in some instances creates an unstable environment where he/she is moving from house to house. Not having a permanent home or a sense of belonging can negatively affect the individual, which could create anger or frustration. Through divorced parents it is theorized that the serious defenders come from â€Å"broken home†. For instance, in James Burgler case, both Robert Thompson and John Veneables originated from the families  where the parents were divorced. Siblings also have an effect which is through the idea they can trigger neglect and attention seeking. Families with large number of children often mean that siblings receive little individual attention from parents and that can affect an individual mind in a bad way. This can often lead to a child acting outside the law in a cry for attention from their families. The child may view getting into trouble with the police to be the only method of capturing individual consideration from their parents. Criminals Robert Thompson and John Vneables both came from large families, suggesting that their actions have been, in part, to seek attention. The boys were jealous of their siblings, as John’s brother and sister received extra attention from their mother and while Robert viewed his mother caring for her new baby in a way that he couldn’t remember being cared for. So the imbalance in a family can cause the child with less attention to become a criminal. Such a person with this kind of imbalance in their life along with abusive parents can start to have an urge to feel superior . Because a child is sick and tired of being treated poorly, they commit crimes since (in their mind) it’s the only way that they can get attention. He will start attacking the victims that are weak in order to be in control and to feel in power. According to the psychology theory, an individual who has had a multitude of bad experience builds up the anger and eventually it bursts, causing a person to go insane. And that behavior will continue until the trauma that triggered it is fully addresses and overcome. Like a person with overdeveloped superegos feels guilt for no reason, and wishes to be punished in order to be relieve this guilt that are feeling. Committing crimes is a method of obtaining such desired punishment and relieving guilt. According to psychology theory a deviant behavior can be explained by psychological trauma in one’s past. This is a psychological condition in which a traumatic incident in one’s past causes an individual to have abnormal reaction which can also be committing crime. PTD is usually invoked in cases of child abuse. The case of Jesse Pomeroy in the late 19th century is a prime example of abuse during childhood being a key criminogenic factor. Jesse was born in Boston, USA and from a very early age, he suffered abuse from his alcoholic father, elder brother and occasionally his mother. When a child is consistently hurt in this way he naturally seeks revenge. Therefore in a desperate attempt to become the victimizer rather than the victim, he turned to victims that were unable to fight back, showing the traits of serial killer. By age 15, Jesse was guilty of two murders and 8 torture victims. In the case of Sergeant Robert Bales, an American soldier who served four tours in Iraq and Afghanistan, he was accused of getting drunk and going into a town in Afghanistan and murdering 16 Afghanis without provocation. Experts are already speculating that the psychological trauma of multiple deployments contributed to sergeant Bale’s alleged deviance. Sometimes psychology and learning overlap each other. Sometimes learning is influenced by the psychological factors. For an example, individuals for the most part do not learn until they have motivation, which comes from experiences and situations in their lifetime. Parents who choose to be very strict with their child, therefore allowing only limited freedom, can cause the child to rebel against the authority of the parents, often in an extreme way and can go against all moral values. The child learns to go against the parents. And if the society doesn’t give an individual something that he deserves, it will create the feeling of frustration that they will learn to get what they desire in an illegal manner. Psychology and Learning theory proves that a person is not born as criminal, they are made criminal. They are born neutral; they learn to become a criminal because of the society and environment they are surrounded by. There are always factors that converts innocent mind to a criminal mind. There are always motivations that make an individual learn how to act in a deviant behavior. Even if one’s parents are criminals or lead a wrong lifestyle, one isn’t born a criminal – it is a learned trait. Outside factors such as siblings and societal influences also contribute to criminal behavior. Citation Dechant, Arista B. â€Å"COASTLINE JOURNAL.† COASTLINE JOURNAL. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. â€Å"Psychological Theories of Deviance.† Boundless. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. â€Å"Review of the Roots of Youth Violence: Literature Reviews.† Chapter 2: Psychological Theories. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. Crossman, Ashley. â€Å"Social Learning Theory.† About.com Sociology. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. â€Å"Labeling Theory.† Boundless. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. Samenow, Stanton E. â€Å"Inside The criminal mind.† Psychology Today. Stanton E Samehow, 4 March. 2013. Web 21 March, 2013 Bryant, lee. â€Å"Why Do People Commit Crime?†. Why do People Commit Crime? Lee Bryant, n.d. Web 21 March. 2013 â€Å"How People Become Criminal.† Hubpages. N.p, n.d. Web 21 March, 2013. Robinson, Annie. â€Å"To What Extent Does Nurture Cause a Child to Grow up to Be a Criminal?† New Political Centre. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Apr. 2013. â€Å"Cocktailtime – Childhood Experiences and Their Impact on Criminal Behaviour.†Cocktailtime – Childhood Experiences and Their Impact on Criminal Behaviour. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2013.

First Direct Essay

Q1. What is market research? Market research is a systematic inquiring that provides information to guide managerial decisions, more specifically, it is a process of planning, acquiring, analyzing and disseminating relevant data, information and insights to decision makers in ways that mobilize the organization to take appropriate actions, that in turn maximize business performance. In simple research is any organized inquiry carried out to provide information for solving problems. Good research should be purposeful with a clearly defined focus and plausible goals. With defensible, ethical and repeatable procedures and with evidence of objectivity. The reporting of procedures their strengths and weakness should be complete and honest. Thus, Market Research is a process used by a business to find out about its customers and its markets. Q2. Why was it necessary for first direct to understand its market in order to relaunch itself? For any business it is important to understand the market that it targets. It is essential to know about their customers which enable the organization to render better products and services to their customers. It is also important for the organization to concentrate and understand about its competitors. Any organization which lacks in the information about its customers and competitors in the market will fail to match itself in a position in related with the market scenario. According to FIRST DIRECT, it was necessary to understand its market has its customer’s perception had dipped drastically which led the company to be no-longer top-performing bank. Q3. What were the key findings from the market research? How was First Direct able to find this out? What types of market research did it use? After the market research, First Direct understood that certain % of customers had different opinions. The major finding of the research was that, they were two key customer segments with different ideas. The two key customers are existing customers (Highly loyal) and new customers (comparatively less loyal towards the bank). Other findings:- * First Direct should be highly transparent and fair towards their customers. * Organization should not hold any hidden charges (towards the customers). * First Direct should render innovative services. First Direct used various primary research methods. It also focused on secondary market research, Qualitative market research and Quantitative market research to gather the required information. Q4. What has the relaunched involved? What do you see as being the main strength and possible weaknesses of the relaunch? Relaunch involved introducing of new products and it also discontinued some of its existing services. Importantly, First Direct revitalized its brand through brand positioning (placing the product within the overall market) and product development (process of developing a product) and it is also considered in making required changes in marketing mix. It offered 24/7/365 accessibility to its customers and also used various channels to access its services. Banking process was even enabled through phone gadgets. It offered a new â€Å"1st A/C† that combines current a/c and the option of linking savings a/c. It enabled the customers to receive higher rate of interest (savings a/c) and it also introduced various new products in relate with savings a/c. Various promotional methods were taken up by First Direct to reach its customers for rendering the information. Presently, First Direct is now recapturing its distinctive reputation in the banking sector.

Global Marketing Plan Report in Saudi Arabian market Assignment

Global Marketing Plan Report in Saudi Arabian market - Assignment Example The company wants to enter in the market of Saudi Arabia. In this context, the market of Saudi Arabia will be analysed with respect to different parameters. The analysis of the market will help to bring out the potential and threats of the market for the international business operations. This report will assist to provide details about marketing opportunities and potentials for the global business environment. Background of Argos Ltd Argos Ltd is the UK based retail firm that operates as a multi-channel retailer recognised for delivering value, choice and convenience to the customers. The company offers general merchandise and products for home through their 700 stores located in the UK market and Republic of Ireland along with online and telephone assistance. During the financial year of 2010, the company had been able to generate more than ?4.30 billion with the workforce of 33,000 across the business segments. The company serves more than 130 million customers annually. They are able to generate sales through the internet that consists of 26% of the total sales. These are few of the reasons for selecting the company for the analysis (Argos Limited, 2011). Marketing Plan Considering the Business Environment In order to identify the various aspects of Saudi Arabian retail market, SWOT analysis will be conducted which will bring out strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats prevalent in the market. Strengths The Fast Moving Consumable Goods (FMCG) segment of Saudi Arabia shows huge potential. There are more than 24.20 million people out of which 7.0 million are non-Saudi residents consuming FMCG goods (Mousa, 2009). The retail sector of Saudi Arabia is expected to grow by a hopping US$ 125 billion by 2014 as there are several international brands planning to enter the retail market of Saudi Arabia. In the global retail ranking, Saudi Arabia has positioned itself in the ninth place. The market has been able to attract many international retailers and had overtaken well-known retail destinations such as Russia, Hong Kong and Japan. More than 43% of international brands are attracted towards this retail destination. The present micro as well as macro economic factors such as population growth and local infrastructural expenditure on new cities highlights Saudi Arabia’s rising influence as a retail destination to expand to (Sambidge, 2010). Weaknesses The economy is highly dependent upon oil industry. The fluctuation in the price of oil creates imbalance in the economic situation. In addition, there are several political threats that make the country’s environment unfavourable for business. There had been huge decrease in the employment rate in 2009 and its effect is still seen in current year by considerable extent.

Equity and the Law of Trusts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Equity and the Law of Trusts - Essay Example It seems apparent that the coming of age for equity and trust laws were indeed based upon medieval cultures and moral judgments of the day, as the Chancellor of medieval times was in fact based on religious right and not trained in legal matters. One of the major problems of the day was the fact that disputes were not settled within the courts but rather on a county by county diversity which usually involved whatever each of the districts followed as part of their own judicial accounting. By 1529, a properly trained lawyer took the appointment of Chancellor and thus a new era was cemented with respect to proper documents being recorded and kept which would ultimately lead to many important doctrines to be formed outlining equity laws. "In modern practice, perhaps the most important distinction between law and equity is the set of remedies each offers." (Wikipedia: Equity) Resulting from this modernization of a medieval practice, it would be fair to state that through the development of equity laws since the medieval times is defined only by what the rewards would normally reap for judgments. During earlier times, payment would have been comparative to the time and era. For instance, in modern times, it would lean more towards the monetary rewards and not so much in material value. Differences between Equity and Trust Laws To understand how the laws of equity were derived from trust laws of the English court system, it is important to define each. "Equity is the name given to the portion of the legal system, in countries following the English common law tradition that resolves disputes between persons by resorting to principles of conscience, fairness and justness. Equity comes into play typically when none of the parties to the dispute has done anything against the law, but their rights or claims are in conflict." (Wikipedia: Equity) Trust laws were derived from this definition of equity system of law governance and is described as In common law legal systems, a trust is a relationship in which a person or entity (the trustee) holds legal title to certain property (the trust property or trust corpus), but is bound by a fiduciary duty to exercise that legal control for the benefit of one or more individuals or organizations (the beneficiary), who hold "beneficial" or "equitable" title. The trust is governed by the terms of the (usually) written trust agreement and local law. The entity (one or more individuals, a partnership, or a corporation) that creates the trust is called variously the trustor, settlor, grantor, donor, or creator. This dual title (legal versus equitable) is frequently called "split title." The "title split" of trust law may be generalized colloquially as follows: legal title involves control, management, and possession, while equitable (beneficial) title involves "benefit," "enjoyment," and "use." (Wikipedia: Trust (Law) USA) There is an important distinction with respect to how equity law and trust law are governed and does date back to the early history of English law with respect to h

Case Study on IT Doesn't Matter Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

On IT Doesn't Matter - Case Study Example One take is that while no longer strategic, IT investment and excellence remains something that is essential, as a kind of ticket to the game. Another take is that companies who are able to glean insights into how technology is to be used to further their own strategies have a leg up on others. The case makes the point for saturation of infrastructure, where like in railroads there was a rapid and massive building phase, followed by a capacity glut. Again the take here is with capacity overbuilt strategies must look beyond using IT as a source of advantage, but rather something that is a given, to excel at, but not to necessarily get ahead of the others, who are basically doing the same thing and enjoying the same benefits from IT. Moreover, the insight from the paper is that there is the risk that companies may continue to spend a considerable part of their funds on IT, not heeding the warning from other companies, who are not realizing returns commensurate with the level of IT inve stments. These constitute investment and operational, as well as broader risks. The lessons learned are in this area. The prescription from the article is that of greater focus on astuteness when it comes to investing in IT, focusing on such things as efficiency, and return on investments. What this means for strategy is that more care must be placed on those things that can add real value to the firm and differentiate it from others in the same field, and the warning is that IT is not the way to achieve this. It is necessary, but it will not get you very far in terms of building a sustainable source of competitive advantage. One insight from the article is that that we should look elsewhere. There are problems in terms of actually having to excel in IT as a prerequisite for succeeding, to get to the starting block, but having likewise to go beyond that and to consider

Car Racing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Car Racing - Assignment Example This is because in the world of car racing time is of great importance since every time lost normally reduces the chance of success (Doeden, 2009). Most companies in motor sports normally have highly qualified personnel. Some of the people hired include product designers who are normally entrusted with the role of coming up with outstanding car designs and features such as engines that will make the company stand out from the rest in addition to increasing the chances of winning in a race besides being easy to alter if need entails (Murray, 2013). Such companies also have a devoted human resource team whose main objective is normally to ensure that everything runs smoothly, for instance ensuring that the team responsible for conducting replacements are qualified and ever ready to swing into action when need arises. The companies have also come up with new technologies in order to increase speed and at the same time cutting down the expenditure cost. For instance, a fuel flow restrictor whose main role is minimizing fuel spent on car racing (Sam, 2014). Just like in car racing, the main objective of many companies and organizations is normally to succeed in business, which usually results to increase in terms of revenue. In my opinion, for other companies to succeed in the field of business, they ought to embrace the motor sport ideas. For instance, the companies should have an excellent human resource department whose main role should be ensuring the well-being of employees. In most companies, whenever a car develops a mechanical problem, it normally takes a lot of time before the problem is fixed hence loss of revenue. In this case, companies ought to have an ever-ready mechanical team whose role is identifying mechanical problems and fixing them immediately in a move to prevent the business from becoming

The advantages and disadvantages of robots Essay - 1

The advantages and disadvantages of robots - Essay Example In simple terms robots can be defined as a mechanical device that may resemble sometimes a human and is capable of performing several tasks or often complex human tasks which may be programmed in advance or perform on command. The following report includes the discussion about the advantages of robots in this innovative and technological world. The report also includes the description of the disadvantages of robots. Finally a conclusion has been drawn in the report related to the research done. There are several advantages of robots, as they are machines which can perform several tasks and actions which humans cannot do. Robots can work 24/7 without any need of salary and food, and they can also perform tasks with accuracy and consistency. Robots are advantageous because they can perform tasks faster than humans along with more accuracy and consistency. Robots can be used in doing several tasks like in production, household etc. using robots in the industrial sector have several advantages as they can help in improving the quality of products and also will reduce the wastage or breakages. Robots can be very advantages in business terms as they can increase the level of production and can also decrease the cost per unit of production as compared to human labour (Gray, 88). This is because they have the ability to work constantly without any breaks, vacation, and sleep and also has a potential to be more productive than any human worker. Robots also has the advantages of work place safety, as the workers are moved to the supervisory role and the humans don’t have to perform dangerous actions in several hazardous settings. Robots may also lead to savings as higher workers safety also leads to savings. This also leads to lower level of concerns for the workers insurances by employers. Robots also perform each and every task faster than any human which helps in saving of time. Robots measurements and actions are more

Tyco International Company Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tyco International Company Culture - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that ethics signifies the habit, customs, disposition, and significance of an individual. Ethics has been related to honesty and morality conducted by an individual or employee in their personal or professional lives.   Although, there is no widely accepted definition of   business ethics but according to author Lewis it is defined as rules, standards, principles, codes, which provide guidelines   for the morally right behavior and the truthfulness   in certain specific situations It is observed that an organization with a diverse workforce face various situational dilemma and issues arising out of ethical values. Ethics can be termed asset of moral standards that help the managers and the employees to arrive at a unified decision with the stakeholders. The influence of the legal laws on the managerial decision making is huge and has a considerable amount of influence on the personal and professional lives of the people. Tyco Intern ational Ltd It was observed that after the scandalous activity performed by the management of Enron Corporation the share prices of Tyco International started decreasing gradually. Initially, the accountability of the decreasing shares was given to the heavy intraday trading on a particular day which amounted to the US $68 million. However, the share price of the company started decreasing drastically from $4.45 to $ 47.95 per share. The final blow to the employees and the shareholders was when the management announced that the total earnings of the company had dropped down drastically to 24 percent in the year 2001 compared to the year 2000. The share price of the company had dropped down to $29.90 which was a decrease of 50 percent since January 2002. Tyco International was facing one of the biggest financial crises and the incident had sparked controversies in the entire United States of America. This had led to the management of the company to borrow funds and an analyst had cal led the situation as â€Å"crisis in confidence†.

Micro Economics - Competition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Micro Economics - Competition - Essay Example However, not all situations can the management plan on how to counter the competitors. In most cases, these situations arise due to unavoidable circumstances facing an organization. Whenever such situations arise, an organization’s management has to take drastic measures of solving the problem. How firms solve the problem of competition in the two scenarios forms the main discussion of this paper. Short-Run Decisions and Long Run Adjustments of Firms Facing Competition Introduction Competition occurs in perfect market structures where firms operate in a perfectly competitive market structure. In perfect competition, many small firms involved in the production of identical products with perfect access to resources and knowledge characterize the market structure. Firms operating in a perfectly competitive market structure face a horizontal and perfectly elastic and demand curve, a situation where marginal revenues are equal to average revenue. Characteristics of perfectly compet itive markets include perfect knowledge, freedom of entry and exit of firms, production of homogenous and identical units of output and many firms in operation. The structuring of a perfect market does not give an opportunity to a single firm to either influence the market price or market conditions, there are no governmental regulations and the assumption there is no existence of externalities. Body Faced with the problem of competition, organizations have to device ways and means of preserving their relevance in the market. Various factors affect the relevance of organizations in the industry they operate. Jain and Khanna (198) assert that quality and the popularity of an organization’s products among the customers determine the market share of that company in the market it operates. Competition indirectly acts as a quality controller. As companies increase their fight for a bigger cake in the entire market, they apply a number of measures. Firstly, companies increase their focus on the quality of products provided to the market while at the same time strives to offer the best prices in the market. Pricing is not an influential factor as high-end markets have indicated. Quality is the biggest factor influencing the market dynamics and purchasing behaviours of customers. Compromising quality of products adversely effects on the customers base of a company. Companies known to high quality products and services are associated with large market shares and subsequently report high revenues and profits. While laying down strategies for winning their competition, organizations apply a number of means and ways. Although every organization uses unique strategies in the market geared towards increasing its revenue sales, there are similar steps that organizations use to achieve these results. Either, an organization can opt for long term or short-term competition mitigation factors. While long-term plans needs a solid strategic plan and implementation schedule, short term decisions could be spontaneous and reactive. Reaction is a situation where a company facing high competition from other firms operating in the same industry takes drastic measures of countering that competition. Mainly, the management as measures of last result takes such measures. However, the management of an organization should be adequately prepared to counter any in eventualities whenever they occur in their operations. Whenever