Theories for Causes of Aggressive Behaviour

Theories for Causes of Aggressive Behaviour Compare and contrast social and biological accounts of the causes of aggressive behaviour. Aggression is defined as: (a) ‘a quality of anger and determination that makes you ready to attack other people’; (b) ‘violent and attacking behaviour’ (Collins, 2003). Whereas love, friendship and affiliation are positive, adaptive and constructive social influences, aggression is associated with violence, antisocial behaviour and destruction. Examples of aggressive behaviour range from arguments, to road rage, terrorism and war. Aggression then is physical or verbal behaviour that is intended to harm another person. This work examines aggressive behaviour in terms of biological and social-learning processes providing theoretical and research evidence. Ethologists like Konrad Lorenz (2002) have identified several human behaviours, including aggression, that allow animals to gather and keep the fundamental resources for survival, mating, reproducing and caring for children. Discovering, taking and holding a territory provides the background on which the life cycle occurs. Many animals engage in territorial signalling to defend their territory mostly for mating and feeding purposes. Territorial signalling is adaptive because it prevents potentially destructive aggressive behaviours. The majority of animal aggression is due to mating, therefore, natural selection predisposes animals towards aggressive behaviour. Male and female animals compete for mates and patterns of sexual behaviour help us understand various form of aggressive behaviour. Nevertheless, psychologists disagree about which of these biological inferences of other animals are relevant to humans. Evolutionary psychologists claim that they do apply to humans and postulate that territorial behaviour exists both in humans and in animals for the same reasons (Barkow, Cosmides Tooby, 1992). Most adults attempt to restrict their mate’s sexual activities, using territorial signalling and emotional displays. For example, jealousy and aggression during courtship and mating are seen in arguments (territorial signalling) and physical fighting (when signalling fails). This is obvious in that men in many cultures and subcultures continue to think of their wives as property – part of the territory they defend. Furthermore, comparison studies of identical twins that were brought up together and apart reveal a genetic effect on aggression. Twin studies (Miles Carey, 1997; Rowe, Almeida Jacobson, 1999) and the existence of gender differences (Buss Perry, 1992; Loeber Hay, 1997) support the idea that genes predispose a person towards being aggressive. The presence of the male hormone testosterone is also related to aggression. Laboratory experiments with mice and monkeys have shown that castration both lowers the levels of testosterone and aggressive behaviour. Contrary, the administration of testosterone to castrated animals and normal animals increase aggressive behaviour. Moreover, males who have been imprisoned for violent crimes and who are more violent than others while imprisoned, have higher testosterone levels than less violent prisoners (Dabbs, Carr, Frady Riad, 1995). In order to be able to decide effectively whether children learn aggressive behaviour, the theories of aggression which claim that it is an innate capacity will be considered. The view that aggression is innate comes from the fact that few parents actually teach their children to be aggressive. However, Bandura’s (1971) early work indicated that children who have seen another person behaving aggressively will be increasingly likely to demonstrate aggressive behaviour. Later he proposed that aggression is actually something we learn to demonstrate because it seems to be useful to us. The likelihood of children imitating the behaviour will increase if they see the person being rewarded (reinforced) for their aggression by getting what they want. For example, a child who has become a very aggressive bully at school because he has learned that he will get what he wants. Where has he learned to be aggressive? Bandura (1971) argues that children learn by seeing others behaving aggre ssively during their childhood, or adolescence, through their own experience of being bullied or through observation of the media. Knowing that we learn by observation is relevant to what we see on television. A number of studies have been conducted to discover whether television and cinema violence really does result in violent behaviour. Bandura (1971) reported that children who watched a video of other children punching an inflated stand-up toy (a ‘Bobo doll’) were more likely than others to behave in the same way when given the opportunity. In a follow-up to Bandura’s studies, children who watched ‘Mighty Morphin Power Rangers’ later imitated these character’s Karate kicks and mimicked their violent acts during play sessions with peers (Boyatzis, Matillo Nesbitt, 1995). Considering boys play which tends to include wrestling and fighting, Geary (1999) has claimed that play patterns represent an evolved adaptation that prepares boys for hunting and primitive warfare. Several researchers have reported short-term effects of television violence: young children (Singer Singer, 1986) and adolescents (Wood et al., 1991) behaved more aggressively immediately after watching a violent TV program. The causes of their immediate changes in behaviour were probably a result of heightened arousal and desensitisation from repeated viewings (Gunter McAleer, 1990). Overall, however, research results have been equivocal, suggesting to some psychologists that TV violence may cause less harm than first suspected (McGuire, 1986). Furthermore, environmental influences have been viewed as determinants of aggression. According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis, a person is more likely to become aggressive when frustrated; therefore, aggression is a predictable response to frustration (Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mower Sears, 1939). This theory, though, by itself does not predict aggressive behaviour but, for example, hot weather makes people uncomfortable and this result into some people behaving aggressively. Triandis (1994) claimed that the relationship between heat and violence is confounded by the gap between rich and poor and by single parent families. On the whole, research evidence supports that both biological and social learning approaches explain aggressive behaviour as internal and external influences respectively. Twin studies and differences in the way boys and girls play indicate a strong biological foundation for aggressive behaviour. People with higher levels of testosterone are more aggressive than those with lower levels. In addition, heat, poor economic conditions and TV violence are all associated with increases in violent behaviour. Nevertheless, it has been argued that some cultures are more aggressive than others. A person is 80 percent less likely to be murdered in Canada than in the United States (United Nations, 1997). The socio-biological approach postulates that genes interact with culture to produce unique examples of aggressive behaviour. References Bandura, A. (1971). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Boyatzis, C. J., Matillo G.M. Nesbitt, K. M. (1995). Effects of the ‘Mighty Morphin Power Rangers’ on childrens aggression with peers. Child Study Journal, 25, 45-55. Buss, A. H. Perry, M. (1992). The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 42-459. Collins, Cobuild (2003). Advanced learners English dictionary. Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers. Cosmides, L. Tooby, J. (1992). Cognitive adaptations for social exchange. In J. Barkow, L. Cosmides, J. Tooby (Eds.), The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. New York: Oxford University Press. Dabbs, J. M., Carr, T. S., Frady R. L . Riad, J. K. (1995). Testosterone, crime and misbehaviour among 692 male prison inmates. Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 627-633. Dollard, J., Doob, L.W., Miller, N. E., Mower O.H. Sears, R. R. (1939). Frustration and aggression. New Haven: Yale University Press. Geary, D. C. (1999). Evolution and developmental sex differences. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8, 115-120. Gunter, B. McAleer, J. (1990). Children and television: the one-eyed monster. London: Routledge. Konrad, L. (2002). Man Meets Dog. London: Routledge. Loeber, R. Hay, D. (1997). Key issues in the development of aggression and violence from childhood to early adulthood. Annual Review of Psychology, 48, 371-410. Miles, D. R. Carey, G. (1997). Genetics and environmental architecture of human aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 207-217. Rowe, D. C., Almeida D. M. Jacobson, K. C. (1999). School context and genetic influences on aggression in adolescence. Psychological Science, 10, 277-280. Singer, J. L. Singer, D. G. (1986). Family experiences and television viewing as predictors of children’s imagination, restlessness and aggression. Journal of Social Issues, 42, 7-28. Triandis, H. C. (1994). Culture and social behaviour. New York: McGraw-Hill. United Nations (1997). Information. United Nations Statistics Division. Available: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/default.htm Wood, W., Wong, F. Chachere J. G. (1991). Effects of media violence on viewer’s aggression in unconstrained social interaction. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 371-383.

Nursing Ethical Dilema-Racism

In today’s society, there are many ethical dilemmas that nurses are faced with that are virtually impossible to solve. One of the most difficult and controversial issues that society is still facing is racism. Nursing as a profession seems to avoid considering the problem of racism (Vaughan, 1997). There is, however, a need to address this topic and to evaluate its implications for nursing practice. The ethics committee has to step in when an ethical dilemma arises and a decision must be made based on application of the universal ethical principles. IntroductionThe health care sector of American society is far from immune to social injustice and the various forms of inequality that negatively impact other societal systems. The United States health care industry has been and continues to be plagued by racism. During the pre-Civil War, Reconstruction and Jim Crow eras of American history, overt racism within the medical sphere was common. After the Civil Rights Movement of the 1 960s, segregation and some of the more blatant manifestations of racism dissipated. More subtle forms of racism, however, continue to pervade the health care industry.Historically, the American Association of Colored Graduate Nurses united with the American Nurses Association (ANA) in 1952, before the general Civil Rights movement in the United States. There have always been prominent nurses of color, such as the past president of the ANA, Beverly Malone; the current president of the National League for Nursing, Rhetaugh Dumas; and the current president of Sigma Theta Tau, May Wykle. These women are all African-Americans who have been leaders for all nursing throughout their long and distinguished careers.They are just three of the many ethnic/racial minority nurses who have made significant contributions to Nursing (Shaha, 1998). This is a real situation encountered on a post partum unit by a nurse supervisor. The situation describes an ethics consultation about the decision of a p atient who refuses to be cared for by an African American nurse. The ethical dilemma is presented from the viewpoints of the patient, nurse, and ethics committee. The ethics committee steps in whenever an ethical dilemma arises and solves the problem based on universal ethical principles (Corley, 2002). HistoryPatient is a married 42-years old female, who has a PhD in health care and a history of two pregnancies. She is currently on a post partum unit after delivery of her second child. She had a C-section four hours ago and has just been admitted to the unit. Before the admission the nurse from Labor and Delivery heard the patient saying to her husband â€Å"I hope this time we do not get a black one†, as she was referring to the nurse who will take care of her in the post partum unit. By the time she was admitted there had been a shift change and the nurse supervisor handled the admission herself.The patient verbalized that she had previously had a bad experience in the sam e hospital with an African American nurse who forgot to give her pain medicine after the C-section and she hopes that this time she will not be facing the same consequences: horrible pain that could not be controlled for two days. She asked the nurse to assign her the best nurse they have on the unit. The ethical dilemma arises when the nurse assigned to this patient for the day is an African American nurse. This nurse is also the best nurse on the floor with an extended experience of 20 years on post partum and is a very knowledgeable person.She has a BSN and currently is working on her MSN in Obstetrics. All other nurses on the post partum floor on this day are floaters. After the nurse introduces herself to the patient, the patient asks the nurse supervisor to assign a different nurse. How is the nurse supervisor going to handle this? How is she going to explain that the African American nurse is the best nurse they have for that day without hurting the patient’s feelings and helping her to gain trust in the assigned nurse?How is the nurse going to handle this patient knowing that she is judging her based on her race? Is she going to give her the same care afterward or the patient will suffer? Is the patient willing to accept the care from an African American nurse? Ethical Dilemma An ethical dilemma arises when the decision-maker experiences indecision because available choices or alternatives support conflicting values or ethical principles or rules support mutually inconsistent courses of action.The most general ethical principle for human action is â€Å"do good–avoid causing evil†. Moral rules and ideals have to do with avoiding causing evil. Beneficence and utilitarian ideals have to do with doing good. Nurses use the principle of beneficence or nonmaleficence while providing care. Patients have the right to refuse care and medical treatment (mhcc. maryland. gov). This case is very sensitive because the patient refuse contact with one specific group of people, African Americans, but does not refuse care in general.The charge nurse will use the veracity principle by telling the truth to the patient that the nurse assigned for the day is the best. The fairness principle is applied here too. The assigned nurse is fair to patient in order to provide good care. Confidentiality is maintained throughout the hospitalization. The nurse does not share patient’s information with anyoane beside the health care team. Equality is another ethical principle used here when making the decision of who is the best to provide care for the patient in order to benefit the patient and not hurt her feelings (www.nursingworld. org).When ethical issues arise in the nursing field these ethical principles are guiding the health care professional in decision making. Clinical Evaluation and Ethical Issues When an ethical dilemma arises it needs to be brought to the ethical committee. The nurse assigned for the day called the ethica l committee and brought up the patient’s and the charge nurse’s opinions. Since the patient had just been admitted to the floor, she needed to be assessed and have medication administered before the pain kicks in.Since she is refusing care from the nurse assigned, her care is delayed. This might result in complications in the patient’s health condition. The nurse acts here as the patient avocate by protecting the patient’s right to self- determination. Nursing Management The nurse is acting as the patient advocate; she brought up the situation to the ethical committee saying that the patient will suffer if treament is delayed. Does the nurse know what to do in this situation? Can she handle this dilemma? The ethical committee met and looked at the facts.Based on the principles of nonmaleficence, freedom, equality and justice they decide that the nure assigned for the patient is the best choice for her. Nursing intervention and Issues The nurse assigned to the patient started by assessing her thoroughly and then developed a plan of care. The patient received pain medications every 4 hours as needed and a pain assesment was done every hour. If a patient is experiencing moral distress, the nurse may confront the barrier, teach the patient how to take action or empower the patient to eliminate the barrier.Summary Racial inequality is not unique to nursing. There are those who assert that America is indeed a racist society and that this racism is perpetuated by ignorance, apathy, poverty, and discrimination. Do not forget that racism, both active and passive, is not limited to relations among blacks and whites. Racism knows no bounds and can affect literally any subpopulation that occupies a â€Å"minority† status. Little or no research exists on race relations between other ethnic groups. The need for further research in this area is crucial.To combat the problem of racism in nursing, whether perceived or real, nursing must first embrace diversity as an established mode of operation. Nursing faculty, in mentoring the future of the profession, should embody principles valuing diversity. It is only through accountability that we may implement and actualize diversity principles in order to ensure success of the profession into today’s nursing. Ethical discussion within training programs for nurses and the formation of units to deal with resolving ethical problems should be taken into consideration (Labunski, 2003).

Relationship Between Religion And Mental Health - 1081 Words

Evidence According to Ginwright, urban youth are claimed to be the problematic because they are the more likely set of people to be incarcerated and have reoccurring problems with the law. This plays a part in the development of the local youth because it lies down to their families The relationship between religion and mental health has been debated for centuries. History shows that religious organizations were often the first to offer compassionate care to the mentally ill; however, for hundreds of years the religious establishment also persecuted the mentally ill. FAITH : The relationship between mental health and religion is something that’s been debated for centuries. Although faith has been first in line for interventions, its†¦show more content†¦Although there’s different methodologies on how to take care of a problem, prayer works the best. My grandma prays 2 times a day about everything and I find that the household is quite calm when it comes to problems from my brother. As for Caribbean blacks, the level of education they had made them more open to participate in religion based activities. Black Caribbean’s from Haiti were more likely than Jamaicans to use prayer under stressful situations. In a field of study that is limited, Haiti and Jamaican are popular for using prayer as a form of coping mechanism. Furthermore, â€Å", 90.4% of African Americans, 86.1% of Black Caribbean’s and 66.7% of Non-Hispanic Whites indicate that prayer is very important when coping with stress.† (Chatters). This is something that is salient in their lives so it comes to be second nature for them. however, the religion families identify with are just as important. Black Caribbean’s usually follows Catholicism and have a strong believe by looking towards God for strength. My family prays more than some of those with more education with them so it connected to the research discussing how the education n levels influence how prayer works u nder stress. 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Frequent Earthquakes in Japan - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1314 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Science Essay Level High school Tags: Earthquake Essay Did you like this example? Earthquakes in Japan has become more frequent these last couples of years. Japan is considered the eighteenth largest country in Asia with 145,914 square miles (377,915 sq km) (Briney 2018). Out of many Asian countries, Japan was one of the countries in Asia that had the worst earthquakes happened to. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Frequent Earthquakes in Japan" essay for you Create order Why is Japan prone to earthquakes and why does it happen to them frequently? Japan dealt with such drastic damage that they are still in recovery from the damages. Many died from this earthquake and got severely injured. Japans volcanic activities could be a lead factor for why Japan is frequent to earthquakes. Find out more about Japans location, environment, and the history of the earthquakes how it still affects today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On March 11, 2011, Japan experienced a magnitude-9 earthquake shook northeastern Japan, unleashing a devastating tsunami. The earthquake was so powerful that the effects were felt around the world from Norways fjords to Antarticas ice sheet (Oskin 2017).   The earthquake on March 11 started on a Friday at 2:46 p.m. local time (5:46 a.m. UTC). It was centered on the seafloor 45 miles (72 kilometers) east of Tohoku, at a depth of 15 miles (24km) below the service (Oskin 2017). The earthquake lasted approximately six minutes. People in Tokyo received a minute warning before the earthquake hit the city, thanks to Japans earthquake early warning system. The countrys seismic building codes and early warning system prevented many deaths from the earthquake, by stopping high-speed trains and factory assembly lines. Also, the people of Japan received text alerts of the earthquake and tsunami warning from their cellphones. In Japan, residents are still recovering from this disaster. As of February 2017, there were still about 150,000 evacuees who lost their homes; 50,000 of them were still living in temporary housing, Japans Reconstruction Agency said (Oskin 2017). More than 120,000 buildings were destroyed, 278,000 were half-destroyed and 726,000 were partially destroyed (Oskin 2017). The direct financial damage from the disaster is estimated to be about $199 billion dollars (about 16.9 trillion yen), according to the Japanese government. The total economic cost would reach up to $235 billion, the world bank estimated, making it the costliest natural disaster in world history (Oskin 2017). The number of confirmed deaths was 15,000+ and more than 2500 people were reported missing. The earthquake shifted Earth on its axis by rotating and redistributing mass. The Japan trench forms part of the Ring of Fire. Japan lies along what is called the Pacific Ring of fire, it looks like a horseshoe shape zone that follows the rim of the Pacific Ocean, where most of the worlds earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur. Most of Earths volcanoes are located around the Pacific Ring of Fire because that the location of most of the Earths subduction zones, fitting what describe Japans traits. Along the 2011 Tohoku earthquake hit offshore of Japan, a subduction zone where two Earths tectonic plates collide. In a subduction zone, one plate slides beneath another into the mantle, the hotter layer is under the crust. The great plates are rough and they stick well together. According to Scientists they drilled into the subduction zone soon after the earthquake and discovered a thin, slippery clay layer lining the fault. Japan sits on or near the boundary of four tectonic plates, the Pacific, North American, Eurasian and Filipino plates. Because of these plates, the east coast can be hit by a tsunami as well. So Japans location was able to receive tsunami because, after the 2011 tsunami less than thirty minutes after the earthquake, many tsunami waves hit Japans coastline.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Japans environment is quite clean and is among the worlds least polluted country. Japan takes pride in having blue skies, mandatory recycling, and Prius taxis. Japan manages to clean up without having to spend money on growth by investing in pollution-control technologies. A city in northern Kyushu in the 1960s Kitakyushu heavy industries polluted chemicals contaminating local bay so badly it becomes known as the Sea of Death. Kawasaki has rebranded itself as an eco-city and building Japans largest solar polar plant on landfill and turning recycling waste into a business. Japans temperature is usually cool, due to a lot of rain in the capital. The hottest average temperature of 79 Fahrenheit temperature in August and coldest is January 41 Fahrenheit temperature. The wettest month in Japan is in June (Tomomi 2017). In February, it falls to 10-11 Celsius, during the daytime, and 35.6 Fahrenheit in the morning and at night. It tends to be dry since most days are sunny, and it is likely to rain or snow. Humidity in Japan stays around 30%.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After the 2011 earthquake that happened in Japan, tsunamis come in and deal serious damages to Japan. The tsunami waves that hit on March 11, 2011, reached up to 128 feet at Miyako city and traveled as far as 6 miles in Sendai (Oskin 2017). The waves overtopped and destroyed protective tsunami waves hit Japans coastline. The tsunami waves overtopped and destroyed protective tsunami seawalls at several locations. The massive surge was able to destroy three-story buildings where people gathered for safety. The tsunami was strong enough to even generate a huge whirlpool offshore. The tsunami flooded approximately 217 square miles (561 square kilometers) in Japan. Many people assumed and underestimated their personal risk that the tsunami would be small as ones they had previously experienced. Scientists studied the tsunami deposits to better understand ancient sediment records of the deadly waves. Earthquake engineers checked for damages, looking for possibi lities to build buildings more resistant to quakes and tsunamis. The research is still ongoing today. Initial reports that people are still missing from the earthquake on March 11 to this day that shocked Japan residents. Reports state that after the massive hit, buildings have crumbled and destroyed the lives of the living. The cost of rebuilding Japans economy was an upwards towards $235 billion and destroyed more than 120,000 buildings and 726,000 damaged. Direct financial damages were an upwards of $199 billion ($16.9. Trillion Yen). The cost of living was about 18,000 people. The number of death was 18,894 confirmed dead, and more than 2,500 people were still missing. Warning signs showed that the waves of the tsunami were as high as 128 feet (39meters) in Miyako city. Coming into shore approximately 6miles (10km) inland. Since water rushed in and so far inland it created a nuclear meltdown that causes the cooling system to fail at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Resulting in a level 7 nuclear meltdown and release of radioactive materials. The electrical Power and bac kup generators were overwhelmed by the tsunami and the power plant just lost its cooling capabilities. The tsunamis damage aftermath, Japans meteorological agency was criticized for issuing a tsunami warning that underestimated the size of the wave. The country recently had to release a newly installed, and upgraded tsunami warning system. In some regions, like Fukushima and Miyagi only 58 percent of people headed for higher ground immediately after the earthquake. The surge of water carried an estimated 5 million tons of debris out to the sea. Japanese docks and ships and countless household items have arrived on U.S. and Canadian shores in the ensuing years. The U.S. military fired on and sank the derelict boat in 2012 in the Gulf of Alaska.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, I feel sad for the residents of Japan, so many residents of Japan died from this tragic event. What happened to Japan was just big news all around the world, because it became one of the biggest natural disasters in the world records. The number of people who died and became missing was like a whole city population. Living in Japan climate seem to be really relaxing with a decent amount of rain and not very hot or cold temperature. The Pollution in Japan is awesome how they support going green driving Prius and not support chemical power plants affect the blue skies. Japan being declared the cleanest country in the world makes me want to go down and check it out. Learning Japans earthquake and tsunami history taught me some internal lifestyle with living conditions and weather.